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10 Aug 2005 - 15:03

Samuelson says it's not a science gap yet

Hi all--I'm back and Carolyn's off--then I'm off again!

I wish summer would last forever. Or at least another couple years.

Robert Samuelson has a column out today on the science gap, which he says isn't a science gap, yet. I find his conclusion a bit hard to follow, but his set-up is clear enough:

As late as 1975, the United States graduated more engineering and scientific PhDs than Europe and more than three times as many as all of Asia, reports Harvard University economist Richard Freeman in a recent paper. No more. The European Union now graduates about 50 percent more, and Asia is slightly ahead of us. By Freeman's estimates, China has reached almost half the U.S. total and will easily overtake us by 2010. Among engineers with bachelor's degrees, the gaps are already huge. In 2001 China graduated 220,000 engineers, against about 60,000 for the United States, the National Science Foundation reports.

Freeman also documents a second worrisome reality: U.S. scientists and engineers aren't well paid, considering their skills and -- especially for PhDs -- the required time for a degree. This means, Freeman says, that "the job market . . . is too weak to attract increasing numbers of U.S. students." Consider some pay comparisons. From 1990 to 2000, average incomes for engineering PhDs increased from $65,000 to $91,000, up 41 percent; PhDs in natural sciences (physics, chemistry) rose from $56,000 to $73,000, up 30 percent. Meanwhile, average doctors' incomes increased from $99,000 to $156,000, up 58 percent; and lawyers went from $77,000 to $115,000, up 49 percent.

The true situation may be worse. Next to other elites, scientific and engineering PhDs fare poorly. Look at the 891 MBA recipients of the Harvard Business School's class of 2005. At an average age of 27, they command a median starting salary of $100,000. It's true that the two-year cost of a Harvard MBA is steep ($120,000 and up), and four-fifths of the students are left with debts averaging $81,000. But these new Harvard MBAs also got huge one-time bonuses; the median was $43,000. As for scientific and engineering PhDs, they typically require seven to eight years to finish their degrees, notes Freeman.



Normally these statistics are presented as catastrophic at best; Samuelson says they're not. At least, not necessarily.

I'm inclined to agree, since I have yet to see catastrophic predictions pan out, which is not to say bad things don't happen, but that when bad things do happen they're usually different from the bad things everyone was braced for.

This brings up two of my favorite sayings, the first one being:

It doesn't pay to worry, because the worries you have are never the worries you get.

People always tell me Mark Twain said that; I have no idea if they're right. Regardless, this observation precisely captures the nature of Bad Events in my own life. I figured this out early enough that back when I had just turned 30 I used to tell friends that what I really wanted was to get done with my current set of problems (endless dating in L.A.) so I could move on to the next set (marriage & kids).

Hmm. That reminds me of yet another saying:

History is just one damn thing after another.

Wasn't that Edna St. Vincent Millay?

[pause]

OK, no it wasn't.

It was Arnold Toynbee.

I'm happy to know that.


My other favorite saying on the subject of catastrophic predictions isn't a saying at all, but something I heard on NPR. They were talking about Hurricane Andrew. The interviewer was asking some official about hurricane preparation, and the guy said,

We prepared for a hurricane. We just didn't prepare for this hurricane.

When I heard that, I thought: yup. That pretty much sums it up.

Not this hurricane.

That other hurricane.


OK, back to Samuelson on why 3 paragraphs of stats demonstrating radical decline in math & engineering graduates isn't the problem it seems to everyone else:

  • The grim prognosis wrongly presumes that another country's gain must be our loss. Hardly. ... If Microsoft's research center in Beijing (to take one oft-cited example) develops stunning new software, the advances will soon be incorporated in Microsoft products worldwide.

  • In 1981 American companies and laboratories accounted for 45 percent of research and development among the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which are generally the world's richest nations. In 2000 the U.S. share was still 44 percent -- despite the increase in other countries' scientists and engineers and a decline in U.S. defense research and development.



Finally we get to the dangers, as Samuelson sees them:

The U.S. share of the world's technology workforce has declined for decades and will continue to do so. By itself, this is not dangerous.

The dangers arise when other countries use new technologies to erode America's advantage in weaponry; that obviously is an issue with China. We are also threatened if other countries skew their economic policies to attract an unnatural share of strategic industries -- electronics, biotechnology and aerospace, among others. That is an issue with China, some other Asian countries and Europe (Airbus).



OK, that sounds bad! So here's the part I have trouble with, Samuelson's conclusion:

What's crucial is sustaining our technological vitality.

And that's pretty much it.

The answer is to sustain our technological vitality.


Well, maybe it is. I suspect he ran out of space here. I think what he means, generally, is that American business vitality, which depends upon technological vitality, is the factor to watch and to support. As long as we maintain this factor we can import foreign talent & foreign research and run with them. I've had similar thoughts myself, if only because, as he says, it's not the engineers themselves who are making the big bucks. It's the corporations that hire them.

That's not an anti-business sentiment, by the way. Bringing a good idea to market is hard, and most (or many) good ideas fail as far as I can tell.

In any case, assuming I'm interpreting his final paragraphs correctly, I don't disagree out of hand. I simply don't know enough about economics to have an opinion.

Nevertheless, I think it's nuts to create an entire generation of kids who don't have the option of majoring in math and math-related subjects when they reach college, because we stopped teaching them how to do long division in 5th grade.

My guiding principle with Christopher is to close no doors in grade school.

Maybe fewer and fewer American students will go into science and engineering because the pay is low relative to what they could earn if they went to law school.

However, I don't want to determine that outcome now because an entire generation of children spent 5th grade doing lattice multiplication.

At a bare minimum I want the next generation of managers & entrepreneurs to be able to understand the technology & engineers they're importing from India.


andrewsatview.jpg


Whither American talent?
Congressional incentives for study of math



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> >History is just one damn thing after another.

nope. the same damn thing, over and over.

v.

-- KtmGuest - 11 Aug 2005


Yeah, I've always liked that one, too.

Though now that Carolyn has explained the difference between the frequentists and the Bayesians I am of the opinion that one cannot put one's foot in the same stream twice.....

-- CatherineJohnson - 11 Aug 2005

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Title: Samuelson says it's not a science gap yet
TopicType: WebLog
SubjectArea: CompareAndContrastPosts
LogDate: 200508101102