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21 May 2006 - 00:04
the discovery of executive functionJohn told me this story years ago. There was a famous neuropsychologist in Canada, a guy at the very top of his field. One day two parents brought their college-age son to the neuropsychologist for testing. The son wasn't making it. He was smart, he didn't have a mood disorder, but he wasn't making it. Couldn't hack it in college, didn't seem to have any get-up-and-go, that kind of thing. So the neuropsychologist tested him. I think of neuropsychologists as the "car crash people"; a neuropsychologist is the person who figures out what brain functions are damaged and what are intact after you've suffered a traumatic brain injury. This kid didn't have a brain injury, but he wasn't making it. Every test the neuropsychologist gave, the kid scored normal. Normal, normal, normal. On paper, there was nothing wrong with him. But he wasn't making it. The neuropsychologist was out of tests when an idea hit him. He got out fresh copies of all the tests, and told the young man to take them all again. Then he left the room. This time the test results came back abnormal. On paper, the young man was a mess. The reason he was suddenly a mess was that he needed the neuropsychologist in the room with him in order to take the tests. The psychologist was being his frontal lobes. Once the psychologist left the room, the young man couldn't organize himself to stay on task, focus, get things done right. That was the origin of the concept of executive function. The neuropsychologist saw that there was some brain capacity that wasn't intelligence, and wasn't mood. It was something else. ![]() John told me that story ages ago, and I've probably embellished it. But the jist is true. The concept of executive function is quite new; it was developed in the 1980s, I think. For quite awhile people believed that ADHD was a disorder of executive function, because impulse control is one of the executive functions. You still see that idea all over the web, but I gather from TRENDS IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE that it may not be holding up under scrutiny. Not sure about that (I'll check at some point), but I wanted to put it out there. Executive function is a frontal lobe function, so when people talk about their frontal lobes, or about someone else's frontal lobes, or about boys' versus girls' frontal lobes, they're talking about executive function. ![]() the ability to plan and carry out complex projects I once saw executive function defined in this phrase. You can also think of executive function as "being the CEO of your own life." Another way to think of executive function: if you go into Barnes & Noble (not Borders!) and look at the self-help books, especially the self-help books in the career and business section....those are books about executive function. The cool thing about executive function, last I checked, is that it's modular. It's made up of a number of different capacities, and you can have problems with one but not with another:
When I first encountered the idea that you could have a deficit in one area of executive function, but not in another, it made me realize why autism often seemed to me easier to live with than severe ADHD. Autistic kids are perseverative, but they're not particularly impulsive. ADHD kids are impulsive (don't know whether they're also perseverative; they might be. ADHD people have "hyperfocus," which sounds like a kind of perseveration to me....) Impulsivity is very hard on the parent, because you never know what's coming at you next. You have constant surprises; life is one long startle. Perseveration, otoh, is highly predictable. It's tough in its own way (just ask you-know-who about the Seattle airport — ), but at least you're not jumping out of your skin every 5 seconds. Not always, anyway. ![]() boys and girls Middle school is all about executive function, which, in my own middle school as well as in others, is called "responsibility" and is viewed as a sign of good character. Character education being the sine qua non of middle school, children with middling executive function — this would be boys — are in for a rough time of it. The adults in our middle school believe they are teaching responsiblity, and punishing irresponsibility, when they take points off-off-off for this, that, and the other. As exasperated as I am with the mishegoss of our middle school, I do know where they're coming from. Executive failings in a 6th grader are pretty hard to fathom. A disconcertingly large percentage of the time your typical 6th grader pulling your typical 6th grader stunts looks either sneaky or dumb and/or lazy. Sometimes 6th graders are sneaky, dumb, and/or lazy, but when you're teaching algebra to 11 year olds, that shouldn't be your first last assumption. sources: Teenage Brain: a work in progress (NIH) frontal lobes, executive function, & IQ hovering is good (MiddleWeb) being your child's frontal lobes organization is overrated executive function, IQ, & hovering, part 1 the discovery of executive function, part 2 executive function self-test presidents & criminals & the frontal lobes ISIS initiate sustain inhibit shift page splatter page splatter & the frontal lobes Dear Abby Susan on dating Catherine's brain-based dating rule -- CatherineJohnson - 21 May 2006 Back to main page. CommentsAfter entering a comment, users can login anonymously as KtmGuest (password: guest) when prompted.Please consider registering as a regular user. Look here for syntax help. Perseveration, otoh, is highly predictable. It's tough in its own way (just ask you-know-who about the Seattle airport — ) heheheheh -- CarolynJohnston - 21 May 2006 How come John only credits himself as the author of that line from Shadow Syndromes? Grump. -- CarolynJohnston - 21 May 2006 I'm being your Hypersensitive Lobes. -- CarolynJohnston - 21 May 2006 An Executive Function Story: My 11th grader, Kristy, has been studying for finals and started to have a meltdown today. She was missing some papers from Spanish and had no idea where they were. They were papers that had already been graded; she just wanted them for studying purposes. After talking it through, we resolved it, at least for the moment. Let me note that Kristy is a good student--she's pretty smart and she's also a hard worker and for the most part, she's pretty organized. But, we have been developing her Executive Function from the beginning of her school career. (I didn't have a name for the process until tonight.) Yet she is still a "work in process" and will continue to be. Here's what she said tonight: "Next year, I need to come up with a better way to keep track of my papers. I'll find my Physics paper in my Spanish folder and my Math paper in my English folder, etc. I'm lazy and rather than put them in the proper place, I sometimes just put them in whatever folder is convenient at the time. I always start out the semester with the best of intentions, but after about two weeks, I'm back to old habits." Our response: Let's come up with a plan for next year to make it easier for you to keep track. As I told her, I have spent most of my life trying to outwit myself. -- KarenA - 21 May 2006 Executive Function Story No. 2 I have been fortunate to teach several different college freshman courses for about the last four years. (I also teach a sophomore level law course and a senior level law course to accounting students so I have a broad spectrum.) Working with freshman students is quite a learning experience. Many of them lack Executive Functioning skills, which presents an interesting challenge. The first semester, especially, is crucial for many of them as they are on their own for the first time and the new freedom is just overwhelming for some of them. The freshman course is actually designed in such a way that we have the opportunity to help them learn certain skills and develop good habits. However, I am occasionally surprised by "what they don't know." I walk a fine line between "hovering" and teaching them responsibility. Sometimes I am successful and sometimes I am not. KTM has helped me immensely, because many of the discussions serve to remind me that there is a path to responsibility and a path to learning, and that it is my job as a teacher to help lead them down that path. Sometimes, however, that is easier said than done. : ) -- KarenA - 21 May 2006 I walk a fine line between "hovering" and teaching them responsibility. That's parenting/teaching in a nutshell. What bothers me are people who think kids should be born with full executive functioning. -- CarolynJohnston - 21 May 2006 I remember a guy at engineering school first year. That year, we had to hand in two lab assignments to be able to sit the final exam for that subject. The lab assignments were marked, but you didn't have to pass to be able to sit the final exam for that subject. And you could pass the final exam theoretically even if you had a mark of 0 on the lab report (you'd have needed a mark in the high 90s). The guy I am remembering did not hand the lab assignments in. He had the lecturer call him into his office to tell him to hand the assignments in. The professor in charge of 1st years called him into his office to deliver the same message. The Dean of the engineering school did the same. He still didn't hand them in. What a waste of a year. -- TracyW - 21 May 2006 Did the neuropsychologist come up with any help for the young man without executive function? -- TracyW - 21 May 2006
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